Synthesis of Thresholds of Ocean Acidification Impacts on Echinoderms

Assessing the vulnerability of marine invertebrates to ocean acidification (OA) requires an understanding critical thresholds at which developmental, physiological, and behavioral traits are affected. To identify relevant for echinoderms, we undertook a three-step data synthesis, focused on California Current Ecosystem (CCE) species. First, literature characterizing echinoderm responses OA was compiled, creating dataset comprised >12,000 datapoints from 41 studies. Analysis this set demonstrated related physiology, behavior, growth development, increased mortality in larval adult stages low pH exposure. Second, statistical analyses were conducted selected pathways specific duration, taxa, depth-related life stage. Exposure reduced led impaired across range endpoints both stages. Third, through discussions expert panel identified eight duration-dependent, stage, habitat-dependent assigned each confidence score based quantity agreement evidence. The these effects ranged within 7.20 7.74 duration 7 30 days, all characterized with either medium or confidence. These yielded risk early warning lethal impacts, providing foundation consistent interpretation monitoring numerical model simulations support climate change assessments evaluation management strategies. As demonstration, two applied CCE visualize current state conditions potential habitat.